Molecular Science

How medical laboratories fit within the broader healthcare delivery structures. How does the healthcare system work in India? The topics are discussed in detail in the slides. 

In any scientific field, especially in medical laboratory technology, biotechnology, and life sciences , working in the lab responsibly and systematically is just as important as the experiments themselves. This is where Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) come in. GLP provides a set of principles designed to ensure: Accuracy and reliability of experimental data. The safety of laboratory workers  is ensured by following correct procedures. Proper handling of equipment, reagents, and samples. Compliance with regulatory standards in research and diagnostics.  I have uploaded a PowerPoint presentation on Good Laboratory Practice to help students quickly understand the basics of GLP in a structured, easy-to-learn format. 

Analyzing change in metabolic homeostasis and cytokine signalling during immune-tumour cell interactions and generation of anti-tumour immune response using adjuvant coated therapy along with limiting the immune regressive signals Introduction       Tumor cells evade immune response by taking advantage of peripheral tolerance. Peripheral tolerance is the downregulation of T-cell priming and getting rid of auto-reactive T-cells at the lymphatic system and tissue site. T-cell priming is the activation of T-cells in response to foreign antigens and to generate an immune response against it. In this process, the T-cell receptor (TCR) binds to the antigen displayed in MHC on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Sufficient binding of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 (B7 family) present on APC binds to CD28 on T-cells to upregulate proliferation and increase survival of T-cells (10).       Immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 help...

While no single meal will kill cancer, a balanced and nutritious diet may substantially lower your risk. Here are some ideas on what meals to include and which to restrict or avoid by not only cancer patients or the general population who might be at higher risk. Foods to include Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that help protect against various types of cancer.  Whole grains: Foods like brown rice, quinoa, oats, and whole wheat contain fibre and other nutrients that are beneficial for overall health. Lentils and Pulses: Eating high-fibre foods reduces the risk of bowel cancer.  Lean proteins: Include sources like fish, poultry, beans, and tofu. Limit processed meats like bacon, sausage, and deli meats, which have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Healthy fats: Choose sources like nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil. These fats have anti-inflammatory properties and can promote overall health. Herbs and spices: Many herbs and spi...

Primer design is critical in various molecular biology techniques, including PCR, qPCR, sequencing, and cloning. Here's a comprehensive guide to designing effective primers: 1. Understand Your Target Sequence Determine the DNA or RNA sequence you want to amplify or examine. This could be a gene, a specific gene portion, or another DNA fragment. 2. Primer Length Primers are typically 18-30 nucleotides long, with 20-25 being the optimal length. Longer primers may be more specific but can also lead to nonspecific binding. 3. Melting Temperature (Tm) Tm is the temperature at which half of the DNA duplexes separate into single strands. Select primers with identical Tm values to ensure equal amplification efficiency. Tm can be determined using online calculators or software algorithms. 4. GC Content Primers with a 45-55% GC concentration are recommended for optimal stability and specificity. However, if your sequence has a high AT concentration, you may need to adjust the primers' GC...

Constructing synthetic complex life system acclimatised to the Martian soil: Analysing complex system behaviour on the Red Planet Objectives: Create an autonomous system on Mars using a combination of mitochondria, cyanobacteria, and water-producing bacteria. Acclimatising the system as per Martian gravity and atmosphere will leverage photosynthesis, respiration, and water production to maintain homeostasis and propagate on Martian soil. Atmosphere of Mars:  Carbon dioxide (CO2): 95% by volume at the surface  Molecular nitrogen (N2): 2.6%  Argon (Ar): 1.9%  Molecular oxygen (O2): 0.16%  Carbon monoxide (CO): 0.06% Luckily, CO2 can be used as a source of energy to create low-carbon fuels and release O2 as a byproduct. However, increased O2 levels need to be utilised, such as in OxPhos if we are working in a complex system, or an extra O2 byproduct can be released to make the atmosphere more oxygenic if done in maximum affordable scalability.  Introduction:...

Introduction Cancer is a group of disorders characterized by aberrant cell proliferation and resistance to growth-suppressing signals. It is a multi-tutorial genetic disease that may be detected early if diagnostic parameters are promising, and it can be successfully treated by focusing on potential therapeutic targets. While the emphasis on lifestyle may rule out an epigenetic role in cancer progressions, such as reducing bodily exposure to carcinogens in both diet and usable materials for example avoiding excessive sun exposure and tanning materials can lower the risk of skin cancer (Cancer Statistics, 2018). Today, cancer is one of the most common causes of death around the world. For the year 2018, there were an anticipated 1.8 million new cancer diagnoses and 600,000 deaths in the United States alone (Cancer Statistics, 2018). Cancer growth is triggered by a failure in the genetic processes that regulate cell growth and proliferation. In most situations, oncogenesis is caused...