Molecular Science

Cancer Cancer is an uncontrolled, unrelenting proliferative cell disease that is linked to a number of additional complications. Cancer cells, malignant cells, or tumor cells are all names for this aberrant proliferative cell. Cancer cells do not reside at their original location; instead, they infiltrate and metastasize to other organs throughout the body, causing morbidity and mortality in people. Cancer is a major public health issue that ranks second in the world behind heart disease as the primary cause of death. Cancer metastasis is responsible for around 90% of all deaths among cancer patients. Cancer can affect almost any human tissue or organ, however, the likelihood of it happening differs depending on the tissue or organ.  The primary sites of cancer in humans are the tongue, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, anus, liver, intrahepatic bile duct, gallbladder, pancreas, larynx, lungs, bronchus, heart, skin, uterus, ovary, prostate, testi...

Introduction The cellular import and export pump aid in the maintenance of calcium signaling homeostasis by altering cytosolic Ca+2 concentration, which may be reversed by pumps. Calcium is imported into the cell by voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC), SOCC, NSCC, NCX (exchange), and NCKX (co-transport) from the extracellular side. It may also be exported out of the ER and SR via RyR controlled by IP3R to regulate the cytosolic concentration of calcium (100nM-1mM). SERCA pumps restore calcium ions into the ER and SR after voltage-gated Ca+2 channels export calcium ions out of the cell. CaN activation (PP2B), followed by NFAT dephosphorylation. Cyclosporin and voclosporin are two medicines that target CaN. Calcium Sensors and Adaptors Calmodulin (CaM) - Ubiquitous adaptor protein and specifically bind to Ca+2. ❖ Contain EF Hand domain (helix-loop-helix motif) bind to Ca. ❖ Ca bind to 7 O2 atoms (chelate Ca+2) of aa in a bipyramidal pentagonal shape. ❖ Binding with Ca induces dimer...

Abstract Epithelial to mesenchymal transition pathway responsible for embryogenesis, organ development, and tumor metastasis is an important pathway in tumor progression. The gaining of mesenchymal properties such as migratory, invasive phenotype and losing the epithelial properties such as apical to basal polarity. EMT is a multi-step process i.e. from the gaining of mesenchymal features to the formation of a secondary tumor microenvironment through intravasation and extravasation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Loss or low E-cadherin expression is the major hallmark of this pathway. Various signaling pathways are involved in the induction of EMT that regulate it directly or indirectly. TGFβ, Wnt/β-Catenin, PI3K/Akt, STAT/LIV-1 signaling and Hedgehog signaling pathway are responsible for the induction of the EMT pathway through heterotypic signaling. Whereas GSK-3β, MTA3 repressor, and drugs such as Herceptin, erlotinib, and imatinib are responsible for the downregulation ...