Molecular Science

Analyzing change in metabolic homeostasis and cytokine signalling during immune-tumour cell interactions and generation of anti-tumour immune response using adjuvant coated therapy along with limiting the immune regressive signals Introduction       Tumor cells evade immune response by taking advantage of peripheral tolerance. Peripheral tolerance is the downregulation of T-cell priming and getting rid of auto-reactive T-cells at the lymphatic system and tissue site. T-cell priming is the activation of T-cells in response to foreign antigens and to generate an immune response against it. In this process, the T-cell receptor (TCR) binds to the antigen displayed in MHC on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Sufficient binding of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 (B7 family) present on APC binds to CD28 on T-cells to upregulate proliferation and increase survival of T-cells (10).       Immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 help...

While no single meal will kill cancer, a balanced and nutritious diet may substantially lower your risk. Here are some ideas on what meals to include and which to restrict or avoid by not only cancer patients or the general population who might be at higher risk. Foods to include Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that help protect against various types of cancer.  Whole grains: Foods like brown rice, quinoa, oats, and whole wheat contain fibre and other nutrients that are beneficial for overall health. Lentils and Pulses: Eating high-fibre foods reduces the risk of bowel cancer.  Lean proteins: Include sources like fish, poultry, beans, and tofu. Limit processed meats like bacon, sausage, and deli meats, which have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Healthy fats: Choose sources like nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil. These fats have anti-inflammatory properties and can promote overall health. Herbs and spices: Many herbs and spi...

Primer design is critical in various molecular biology techniques, including PCR, qPCR, sequencing, and cloning. Here's a comprehensive guide to designing effective primers: 1. Understand Your Target Sequence Determine the DNA or RNA sequence you want to amplify or examine. This could be a gene, a specific gene portion, or another DNA fragment. 2. Primer Length Primers are typically 18-30 nucleotides long, with 20-25 being the optimal length. Longer primers may be more specific but can also lead to nonspecific binding. 3. Melting Temperature (Tm) Tm is the temperature at which half of the DNA duplexes separate into single strands. Select primers with identical Tm values to ensure equal amplification efficiency. Tm can be determined using online calculators or software algorithms. 4. GC Content Primers with a 45-55% GC concentration are recommended for optimal stability and specificity. However, if your sequence has a high AT concentration, you may need to adjust the primers' GC...